Prepared By
PR
1.WAVE MOTION
Ø WAVE MOTION : Propagation of disturbance from one
part of
medium to other by vibration
LONGITUDENAL WAVE
|
TRANSVERSE WAVE
|
COMPRESSION & REARFRACTION
|
THROUGH CRUST
|
Medium:
SOLID,LIQUID,GAS
|
SOLID,LIQUID
|
PARTICLES VIBRATE PARELLEL TO
DIERECTION OF PROPOGATION
 |
PARITICLES VIBRATE PERPENDICULLAR TO
DIERECTION OF PROPOGATION
 |
Ø AMPLITUDE: Maximum displacement from mean
position
Ø WAVE
LENGTH: Distance between two
consecutive poinds
·
f =n/t
·
v=frequency×wave
length
SOUND
Ø Factors
influencing speed of sound
●Humidity ●Density ●Temperature
Ø NATURAL
FREQUENCY: Frequency at which the
body vibrate freely
Ø Forced
vibration: A body under going vibration
with
influence of a vibrating body
Ø RESONANCE: Two objects Said to be in resonance
whennatural frequency of body under going vibration andinfluencing body become equal
(experiment usingresonance Column)
Ø MULTIPLE
REFLECTIONS: Sound get reflected
repeatedly after hitting different things e.g.: megaphone, horn etc……………..
Ø REVERBERATION: persistence of sound as a result ofMultiple reflection
Ø ECHO: Phenomenon of hearing sound after
hearing firstsound due to reflection
Ø Speed of sound=2d/T
Ø ACOUSTICS
OF BUILDING: Branch of physics deal
with audibility in building
Ø Richard
scale is used to measure
intensity of earth quake
2.EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
HEATING
EFFECT
Ø FACTORS INFLUENCING HEATING EFFECT
1.Current
2.Voltage 3.Resistance 4.time
JOULES LAW
H=I^2RT
H=IVT
H=PT
H=V^2RT
Ø NICHROME is used as heating coil is an
alloy of Nickel, Chromium,Iron and manganese
Ø Short circuit: when +ve and –ve
terminals of an battery or mains comes in contact with out a resistor
Ø Over load: when power increases than it
withstand
AMPEARAGE=W/V
Ø Amperage: Ratio between power and voltage
LIGHTING
EFFECT
Ø INCANDESCENT LAMP
Parts Evacuated tube,
Tungsten filament
§ When voltage is applied the tungsten
will emit light
§ Tube is evacuated to avoiding oxidation
§ Tungsten have high resistance and
ductility and it will emits
light when hot
Ø. DISCHARGE LAMP
·
When
voltage is applied to this the gas inside will be ionized and move faster and hit unionized atoms and emit light.
colour vary according to the gas
GAS
|
nitrogen
|
neaon
|
Sodium
|
hydogen
|
clorin
|
COLOUR
|
red
|
Orange -red
|
yellow
|
blue
|
Green
|
Ø FLUORESCENT LAMP
When
current is passed throw thorium coated electrode it will
emit ions and ions will hit mercury vapor and emit UV rays this will be absorbed by fluorescent and emit light
Ø CFL: Compact
model of fluresent lamp
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
·
NO
POLLUTION
·
NO COIL
SO NO ELECTRICITY WASTAGE
·
SMALL
AMOUNT OF CURRENT IS NEEDED
ARC LAMP
·
Carbon
rods kept at a fixed distance, evacuated tube
·
Search
light, used in film
etc…………………………………………….
POWER
Amount of energy consumed in unit time
P=I2R
P=IV
P=V2/R
3.ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Ø ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:
Whenever there is a change in
magnetic flux linked with the coil electricity is induced
Ø INDUCED
VOLTAGE: Current thus induced
·
AC
CURRENT :Current continuously
change
direction
·
DC
CURRENT: Current flow continuously
in a
direction
Ø Parts
of AC Generator
*Field magnet *Slip ring *Armature coil *Brushes
·
Period: Time taken by armature coil for a
full rotation
·
POWER
GENERATOR: Generators used in power
stations
Ø TREE
PHASE & SINGLE PHASE GENERATORS
·
SINGLE
PHASE :One set armature around a field magnet
·
THREE
PHASE : Three set of armature around a field magnet in
120°
o Rotor :MAGNET
Stator: Armature
·
EXCITER:
DC used to operate electro magnets
Ø MOVING
COIL MICROPHONE
Ø MUTUAL
INDUCTION: When direction of current
In coil changes flux
around it changes as a result emf is induced
Ø TRANSFORMER
Vs/Vp=Ns/Np=Ip/Is
V
·
SELF INDUCTION: Change in flux due to flow of AC in a
solenoid
cause a back emf in same
solenoid ,
·
INDUCTORS: Coils used to oppose change in
circuit
4.POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
POWER
STATIONS
HYDROELECTRIC PS
·
Water
is stored in a height is passed throw penstock and
rotate the turbine
Potential energy-Kinetic energy-Mechanical energy electric energy
THERMAL PS
·
Fuels
like naphtha, coal etc are burned then heat thus
produced is used for boiling water and steam is used for
rotating turban
Chemical
energy-heat energy-mechanical energy-electrical energy
NUCLEAR PS
·
Nuclear
energy is used to convert water into steam and
the turban is rotated
Nuclear
energy-heat energy-mechanical energy-electrical energy
Ø POWER TRANSMISSION
Q .How can we control power loss?
A .Increase voltage, Decrease resistance and current
Ø POWER
GRID: Different power generation centres
are
connected in a network
Ø Star
connection
Ø HOUSEHOLD
ELECTRIFICATION
·
Post-KWH
meter-Main fuse-Main switch-ELCB-MCB-Switch socket
·
HOUSE
HOLD ELECTRIFICATION is done in parallel
·
Watt-hour
meter: Equipment used to measure power
consumed(KWH/WATT Hrs)
EARTHING
Earth wire of the equipment is connected to the metal part of it.
When body comes in contact with electric connection the current
will flow to earth. Earth wire will have less resistance thus the fuse
wire will melt and save our circuit
Earth wire is first inserted and last taken
5.HEAT
Ø When any body is heated the kinetic
energy of that substance
will increase
Ø HEAT: Total kinetic energy of a body
Ø TEMPERATURE :Av.kinetic energy of a body
H=I2RT H=IVT
H=PT
H=RTV2
AMPEARAGE=WV
|
F=9/5 c+32
C=5/9(f-32)
K=c+273
|
Ø
Heat
capacity of a substance:
Amount of heat required to rise
temperature by 1k
Specific
heat capacity
:Amount of heat required by 1kg of
substance to increase heat by 1k
Q=mcθ
PRINCIPAL
OF METHOD OF MIXTURES:
When a hot body comes in contact with cool if there
is no energy loss HEAT GAINED=HEAT LOSSES
·
Entire
heat given in the state changing condition is used for
removing intermolecular attraction, Thus temperature never
changes
Freezing
point: Temperature at which the
liquid
changes in to its solid at normal atmospheric temperature and
pressure
Melting
point: Temperature at which the
solid
changes in to its liquid at normal atmospheric temperature
and pressure
Latent
heat of fusion(Lf):
·
Quantity
of heat absorbed by a solid to change into its liquid
at its melting point
Boiling
point :Fixed temperature at which
a liquid boils and
Changes in to gas an STP
VAPORISATION: Process by which liquid changes in to
gas at
Boiling point
LATENT HEAT OF
VAPORISATION(Lv)
Quantity of heat
absorbed by 1kg liquid to change into its vapour state
P
EVAPORATION is the process of changing liquid into
vapour by
Absorbing heat from surroundings
GLOBAL
WARMING:
Phenomenon by which
earths temperature increases due to increase in green house gases
·
Green
house gases:Co2,Water vapor,CFC,Methane
·
Earth
used to absorb IR with low wavelength and reflect
Those with high wavelength. But when
green houses
Increases they holds those IR thus
temperature increases
Global warming cause ice melt in poles
And sea water increase and
destroy small islands
6.COLOURS OF LIFE
COMPOSIT LIGHT: ANY LIGHT COMPOSED OF MARE THAN ONE
COLOUR
Dispersion: Phenomenon of splitting component colour
to constant
WHEN WAVE
LENGTH INCREASES DEVIATION DECREASES
|
Visible spectrum : Regular array of colours
RAINBOW
Rainbow: Dispersion in water drops
Sunlight when passes throw water drops undergo
reflection and internal reflection so drops of same colour appear in a
circle[red –outer edge violate-inner
edge]
When sun is near horizon big rainbow
Recombination of light
When light passes throw two prisms light re composes
Persistence of vision
The object viewed will be there in our eye for 1/16s after
seeing it
PRIMARY AND SECONDRY
COLOUR
Primary colour: Colour used to produce other colour (R
B G)
Secondary colour: Colour obtained when two primary
colours are companied in equal ratio
green
|
red
|
Yellow
|
blue
|
green
|
Cyan
|
blue
|
red
|
magenta
|
Any secondy
colour+primery colour not included in it=White
Colour of opaque object
Opaque object: object that don’t allow colour to pass
throw it
Colour of opaque object is the colour it reflects
Black reflects all white absorb all radiations
Coloru of transparent
object
Transparent object are the objects that allow light to
pass
Colour of transparent object is colour it transmit
[transmitted colour is the colour of object or colour
included in it]
Colour filter: Transparent object which allow flow of some objects only
Electromagnetic spectrum
All
radiations from sun is included in electromagnetic spectrum
[Refer ALL RADIATIONS IN THEIR WAVELENGT
ORDER from TEXT]
SCATTERING: IRREGULAR AND APRTITIONAL REFLECTION OF
LIGHT
SIZE INCRESES SCETTERING REDUCES
?.Horizon appear red during dawn and dusk, why?
A.
During
dawn and dusk sun will be far away from earth so during long journy colours
with low wave length scatter and horizon apper red
?Why sky is blue?
A.componet colours like violet indigo blue
etc with low wave length undergo scattering and a mixed effect of this gives a
blue effect
THYNDAL EFFECT
When light is
passed throw a colloid or a suspention tiny parts get illuminated due to
dcattering and paht of light is visible
INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY
IR waves used to take pics of distnt place
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