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SSLC KEY NOTE FOR PHYSICS



Prepared By
PR

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1.WAVE MOTION

Ø WAVE MOTION : Propagation of disturbance from one part of
medium to other by vibration

LONGITUDENAL WAVE
TRANSVERSE WAVE
COMPRESSION & REARFRACTION
THROUGH CRUST
Medium:
SOLID,LIQUID,GAS
SOLID,LIQUID
PARTICLES VIBRATE PARELLEL TO DIERECTION OF PROPOGATION

PARITICLES VIBRATE PERPENDICULLAR TO DIERECTION OF PROPOGATION


Ø AMPLITUDE: Maximum displacement from mean position

Ø WAVE LENGTH: Distance between two consecutive poinds
·        f =n/t             
·        v=frequency×wave length

SOUND
Ø Factors influencing speed of sound
        ●Humidity ●Density ●Temperature

Ø NATURAL FREQUENCY: Frequency at which the body vibrate freely

Ø Forced vibration: A body under going vibration with
influence of a vibrating body

Ø RESONANCE: Two objects Said to be in resonance whennatural frequency of body under going vibration andinfluencing body become equal
 (experiment usingresonance Column)

Ø MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS: Sound get reflected repeatedly after hitting different things e.g.: megaphone, horn etc……………..

Ø REVERBERATION: persistence of sound as a result ofMultiple reflection

Ø ECHO: Phenomenon of hearing sound after hearing firstsound due to reflection

Ø Speed of sound=2d/T

Ø ACOUSTICS OF BUILDING: Branch of physics deal with audibility in building

Ø Richard scale is used to measure intensity of earth quake

 

2.EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

HEATING EFFECT
Ø FACTORS INFLUENCING HEATING EFFECT
                     1.Current 2.Voltage 3.Resistance 4.time

JOULES LAW
   H=I^2RT 
  H=IVT 
  H=PT
  H=V^2RT

Ø NICHROME is used as heating coil is an alloy of Nickel, Chromium,Iron and manganese

Ø Short circuit: when +ve and –ve terminals of an battery or mains comes in contact with out a resistor

Ø Over load: when power increases than it withstand
AMPEARAGE=W/V

Ø Amperage: Ratio between power and voltage

LIGHTING EFFECT
Ø INCANDESCENT LAMP
Parts Evacuated tube, Tungsten filament
§  When voltage is applied the tungsten will emit light
§  Tube is evacuated to avoiding oxidation
§  Tungsten have high resistance and ductility and it will emits
             light when hot

Ø.      DISCHARGE LAMP
·        When voltage is applied to this the gas inside will be ionized and move faster and hit unionized atoms and emit light.
colour vary according to the gas

GAS
nitrogen
neaon
Sodium
hydogen
clorin
COLOUR
red
Orange -red
yellow
blue
Green

Ø FLUORESCENT LAMP
        When current is passed throw thorium coated electrode it will
emit ions and ions will hit mercury vapor and emit UV rays this will be absorbed by fluorescent and emit light

Ø CFL:  Compact model of fluresent lamp

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
·        NO POLLUTION
·        NO COIL SO NO ELECTRICITY WASTAGE
·        SMALL AMOUNT OF CURRENT IS NEEDED

ARC LAMP
·        Carbon rods kept at a fixed distance, evacuated tube
·        Search light, used in film

etc…………………………………………….

POWER
Amount of energy consumed in unit time
            P=I2R
           P=IV
         P=V2/R

3.ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Ø ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: Whenever there is a change in
magnetic flux linked with the coil electricity is induced

Ø INDUCED VOLTAGE: Current thus induced
·        AC CURRENT :Current continuously change
direction
·        DC CURRENT: Current flow continuously in a
direction

Ø Parts of AC Generator
*Field magnet *Slip ring *Armature coil *Brushes
·        Period: Time taken by armature coil for a full rotation
·        POWER GENERATOR: Generators used in power stations

Ø TREE PHASE & SINGLE PHASE GENERATORS
·        SINGLE PHASE :One set armature around a field magnet
·        THREE PHASE : Three set of armature around a field magnet in 120°
o   Rotor :MAGNET 
    Stator: Armature
·        EXCITER: DC used to operate electro magnets

Ø MOVING COIL MICROPHONE

Ø MUTUAL INDUCTION: When direction of current
        In coil changes flux around it changes as a result emf is induced
Ø TRANSFORMER
Vs/Vp=Ns/Np=Ip/Is
V
·        SELF INDUCTION: Change in flux due to flow of AC in a solenoid
         cause a back emf in same solenoid ,

·        INDUCTORS: Coils used to oppose change in circuit


4.POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

POWER STATIONS

HYDROELECTRIC PS
·        Water is stored in a height is passed throw penstock and
        rotate the turbine
          Potential energy-Kinetic energy-Mechanical energy electric energy

THERMAL PS
·        Fuels like naphtha, coal etc are burned then heat thus
produced is used for boiling water and steam is used for
rotating turban
      Chemical energy-heat energy-mechanical energy-electrical energy 

NUCLEAR PS
·        Nuclear energy is used to convert water into steam and
the turban is rotated
     Nuclear energy-heat energy-mechanical energy-electrical energy

Ø POWER TRANSMISSION

Q .How can we control power loss?
A .Increase voltage, Decrease resistance and current

Ø POWER GRID: Different power generation centres are
connected in a network

Ø Star connection

Ø HOUSEHOLD ELECTRIFICATION
·        Post-KWH meter-Main fuse-Main switch-ELCB-MCB-Switch socket
·        HOUSE HOLD ELECTRIFICATION is done in parallel
·        Watt-hour meter: Equipment used to measure power
consumed(KWH/WATT Hrs)

EARTHING
Earth wire of the equipment is connected to the metal part of it.
When body comes in contact with electric connection the current
will flow to earth. Earth wire will have less resistance thus the fuse
wire will melt and save our circuit
Earth wire is first inserted and last taken

5.HEAT

Ø When any body is heated the kinetic energy of that substance
will increase

Ø HEAT: Total kinetic energy of a body

Ø TEMPERATURE :Av.kinetic energy of a body
H=I2RT      H=IVT      H=PT     H=RTV2
AMPEARAGE=WV

F=9/5 c+32
C=5/9(f-32)
K=c+273

Ø 


Heat capacity of a substance: Amount of heat required to rise
temperature by 1k

Specific heat capacity :Amount of heat required by 1kg of
substance to increase heat by 1k
                        Q=mcθ

PRINCIPAL OF METHOD OF MIXTURES:
When a hot body comes in contact with cool if there
is no energy loss HEAT GAINED=HEAT LOSSES
·        Entire heat given in the state changing condition is used for
removing intermolecular attraction, Thus temperature never
changes

Freezing point: Temperature at which the liquid
changes in to its solid at normal atmospheric temperature and
pressure

Melting point: Temperature at which the solid
changes in to its liquid at normal atmospheric temperature
and pressure

Latent heat of fusion(Lf):
·        Quantity of heat absorbed by a solid to change into its liquid
at its melting point

Boiling point :Fixed temperature at which a liquid boils and
Changes in to gas an STP

VAPORISATION: Process by which liquid changes in to gas at
Boiling point

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION(Lv)
          Quantity of heat absorbed by 1kg liquid to change into its vapour state
P

EVAPORATION is the process of changing liquid into vapour by
Absorbing heat from surroundings

GLOBAL WARMING:
           Phenomenon by which earths temperature increases due to increase in green house gases
·        Green house gases:Co2,Water vapor,CFC,Methane
·         Earth used to absorb IR with low wavelength and reflect
Those with high wavelength. But when green houses
    Increases they holds those IR thus temperature increases
Global warming cause ice melt in poles
And sea water increase and destroy small islands

6.COLOURS OF LIFE

COMPOSIT LIGHT: ANY LIGHT COMPOSED OF MARE THAN ONE COLOUR

Dispersion: Phenomenon of splitting component colour to constant
WHEN WAVE LENGTH  INCREASES  DEVIATION DECREASES
eg for dispersion

Visible spectrum : Regular array of colours

RAINBOW
Rainbow: Dispersion in water drops
Sunlight when passes throw water drops undergo reflection and internal reflection so drops of same colour appear in a circle[red –outer edge    violate-inner edge]
When sun is near horizon big rainbow

Recombination of light
When light passes throw two prisms light re composes

Persistence of vision
The object viewed will be there in our eye for 1/16s after seeing it

PRIMARY AND SECONDRY COLOUR
Primary colour: Colour used to produce other colour (R B G)
Secondary colour: Colour obtained when two primary colours are companied in equal ratio

green
red
Yellow
 blue
green
Cyan
blue
red
magenta
  Any secondy colour+primery colour      not included in it=White

Colour of opaque object
Opaque object: object that don’t allow colour to pass throw it
Colour of opaque object is the colour it reflects
            Black reflects all white absorb all radiations

Coloru of transparent object
Transparent object are the objects that allow light to pass
Colour of transparent object is colour it transmit
[transmitted colour is the colour of object or colour included in it]
                 Colour filter: Transparent object which allow flow of some objects only

Electromagnetic spectrum
   All radiations from sun is included in electromagnetic spectrum
[Refer ALL RADIATIONS IN THEIR WAVELENGT ORDER from TEXT]

SCATTERING: IRREGULAR AND APRTITIONAL REFLECTION OF LIGHT
SIZE INCRESES SCETTERING REDUCES

?.Horizon appear red during dawn and dusk, why?
A.    During dawn and dusk sun will be far away from earth so during long journy colours with low wave length scatter and horizon apper red
?Why sky is blue?
A.componet colours like violet indigo blue etc with low wave length undergo scattering and a mixed effect of this gives a blue effect

THYNDAL EFFECT
 When light is passed throw a colloid or a suspention tiny parts get illuminated due to dcattering and paht of light is visible

INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY
IR waves used to take pics of distnt place

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